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what does moorish science temple of american has to do with louisiana purchase

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American national and religious system

Attendees of the 1928 Moorish Science Temple Of America Convention in Chicago. Noble Drew Ali is in white in the front row center.

The Moorish Science Temple of America is an American national and religious organization founded past Noble Drew Ali (born every bit Timothy Drew) in the early twentieth century. He based it on the premise that African Americans are descendants of the Moabites and thus are "Moorish" (sometimes as well spelled "Muurish" past adherents) by nationality, and Islamic past faith. Ali put together elements of major traditions to develop a message of personal transformation through historical education, racial pride and spiritual uplift. His doctrine was also intended to provide African Americans with a sense of identity in the world and to promote civic involvement.

An organization with headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland, challenge to exist "the ONLY Moorish Science Temple education the total National side of the Moorish Motility",[one] is the Moorish Science Temple, with registered business concern names of the Divine and National Movement of Northward America, Inc., and Moorish American National Republic.[two] [3]

One primary tenet of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple is the conventionalities that African Americans are of "Moorish" descent, specifically from the "Moroccan Empire". According to Ali, this area included other countries that today surround Morocco. To join the motion, individuals had to proclaim their "Moorish nationality". They were given "nationality cards". In religious texts, adherents refer to themselves racially as "Asiatics", as the Middle E is also western Asia.[4] Adherents of this move are known as "Moorish-American Moslems" and are chosen "Moorish Scientists" in some circles.[5]

The Moorish Science Temple of America was incorporated nether the Illinois Religious Corporation Act 805 ILCS 110. Timothy Drew, known to its members as Prophet Noble Drew Ali, founded the Moorish Science Temple of America in 1913 in Newark, New Jersey, a booming industrial city. Afterward some difficulties, Ali moved to Chicago, establishing a center at that place, likewise equally temples in other major cities. The movement expanded rapidly during the late 1920s. The quick expansion of the Moorish Science Temple arose in large part from the search for identity and context among black Americans at the time of the Great Migration to northern and midwestern cities, as they were becoming an urbanized people.[six]

Competing factions developed among the congregations and leaders, especially after the death of the charismatic Ali. Three independent organizations developed from this ferment. The founding of the Nation of Islam by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 also created competition for members. In the 1930s membership was estimated at 30,000, with one third in Chicago. During the postwar years, the Moorish Science Temple of America continued to increase in membership, albeit at a slower rate.

Biography of Drew [edit]

Timothy Drew was believed to take been born on January viii, 1886, in North Carolina, Usa.[vii] Sources differ as to his background and upbringing: 1 reports he was the son of two erstwhile slaves who was adopted by a tribe of Cherokee;[eight] another describes Drew as the son of a Moroccan Muslim father and a Cherokee mother.[9] In 2014 an article in the online Journal of Race Ethnicity and Religion attempted to link Timothy Drew to one Thomas Drew, born January 8, 1886, using demography records, a Globe War I draft carte du jour, and street directory records.[x]

Founding of the Moorish Science Temple [edit]

Drew Ali reported that during his travels, he met with a high priest of Egyptian magic. In one version of Drew Ali'due south biography, the leader saw him as a reincarnation of the founder. In others, he says that the priest considered him a reincarnation of Jesus, the Buddha, Muhammad and other religious prophets. According to the biography, the loftier priest trained Ali in mysticism and gave him a "lost section" of the Quran.[11]

This text came to be known as the Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America. It is also known every bit the "Circle Seven Koran" because of its cover, which features a cerise "7" surrounded past a bluish circle. The kickoff 19 chapters are from The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ, published in 1908 past esoteric Ohio preacher Levi Dowling. In The Aquarian Gospel, Dowling described Jesus' supposed travels in India, Egypt, and Palestine during the years of his life which are non accounted for by the New Testament.[12]

Capacity twenty through 45 are borrowed from the Rosicrucian piece of work, Unto Thee I Grant with modest changes in manner and diction. They are instructions on how to alive, and the didactics and duties of adherents.[thirteen]

Drew Ali wrote the terminal four capacity of the Circle 7 Koran himself. In these he wrote:

The fallen sons and daughters of the Asiatic Nation of Due north America demand to learn to honey instead of hate; and to know of their higher self and lower cocky. This is the uniting of the Holy Koran of Mecca for teaching and instructing all Moorish Americans, etc. The key of civilization was and is in the hands of the Asiatic nations. The Moorish, who were the ancient Moabites, and the founders of the Holy City of Mecca.[14]

Drew Ali and his followers used this material to claim, "Jesus and his followers were Asiatic." ("Asiatic" was the term Drew Ali used for all dark or olive-colored people; he labeled all whites as European. He suggested that all Asiatics should exist allied.)[15]

Drew Ali crafted Moorish Science from a diversity of sources, a "network of alternative spiritualities that focused on the power of the individual to bring most personal transformation through mystical knowledge of the divine within".[15] In the inter-state of war years in Chicago and other major cities, he used these concepts to preach racial pride and uplift. His arroyo appealed to thousands of African Americans who had left severely oppressive conditions in the Due south through the Swell Migration and faced struggles in new urban environments.[xv]

Practices and behavior [edit]

Ali believed that African Americans are all Moors, who he claimed were descended from the ancient Moabites (the kingdom of which he says is now known equally Morocco, as opposed to the ancient Canaanite kingdom of Moab, every bit the name suggests).[16] This merits does not align with scientific studies of human being history, such equally the genetics of African-Americans and genetic history of sub-Saharan Africa. He claimed that Islam and its teachings are more benign to their earthly salvation, and that their "truthful nature" had been "withheld" from them. In the traditions he founded, male members of the Temple wear a fez or turban as head covering; women wear a turban.[17]

They added the suffixes Bey or El to their surnames, to signify Moorish heritage as well as their taking on the new life as Moorish Americans. It was as well a manner to claim and proclaim a new identity over that lost to the enslavement of their ancestors. These suffixes were a sign to others that while one'south African tribal name may never exist known to them, European names given by their enslavers were not theirs, either.[ citation needed ]

Equally Drew Ali began his version of instruction the Moorish-Americans to become better citizens, he made speeches like, "A Divine Warning By the Prophet for the Nations", in which he urged them to turn down derogatory labels, such equally "Black", "colored", and "Negro". He urged Americans of all races to reject hate and comprehend love. He believed that Chicago would become a second Mecca.[ citation needed ]

The ushers of the Temple wore black fezzes. The leader of a detail temple was known as a Chiliad Sheik, or Governor. Noble Drew Ali had several wives.[18] According to The Chicago Defender, he claimed the power to marry and divorce at will.[xix]

History [edit]

Early on history [edit]

In 1913, Drew Ali formed the Canaanite Temple in Newark, New Jersey.[twenty] He left the urban center afterward agitating people with his views on race.[21] Drew Ali and his followers migrated, while planting congregations in Philadelphia; Washington, D.C., and Detroit. Finally, Drew Ali settled in Chicago in 1925, proverb the Midwest was "closer to Islam".[22] The following yr he officially registered Temple No. ix.

At that place he instructed followers not to be confrontational but to build upward their people to exist respected. In this way, they might take their place in the United States by developing a cultural identity that was coinciding with Drew Ali's beliefs on personhood.[23] In the late 1920s, journalists estimated the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple had 35,000 members in 17 temples in cities across the Midwest and upper Due south.[24] It was reportedly studied and watched by the Chicago police.

Building Moorish-American businesses was role of their program, and in that was similar to Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League and the later Nation of Islam.[25] Past 1928, members of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America had obtained some respectability within Chicago and Illinois, as they were featured prominently and favorably in the pages of The Chicago Defender, an African-American paper, and conspicuously collaborated with African American pol and man of affairs Daniel Jackson.[26]

Drew Ali attended the January 1929 inauguration of Louis Fifty. Emmerson, equally 27th Governor of Illinois in the state capital of Springfield. The Chicago Defender stated that his trip included "interviews with many distinguished citizens from Chicago, who greeted him on every hand."[27] With the growth in its population and membership, Chicago was established every bit the heart of the movement.

Internal split and murder [edit]

In early 1929, following a disharmonize over funds, Claude Green-Bey, the business managing director of Chicago Temple No. i split from the Moorish Science Temple of America. He alleged himself Thousand Sheik and took a number of members with him. On March 15, Green-Bey was stabbed to expiry at the Unity Hall of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple, on Indiana Artery in Chicago.[28]

Drew Ali was out of boondocks at the time, as he was dealing with former Supreme Grand Governor Lomax Bey (professor Ezaldine Muhammad), who had supported Green-Bey'due south attempted insurrection.[29] When Drew Ali returned to Chicago, the police arrested him and other members of the community on suspicion of having instigated the killing. No indictment was sworn for Drew Ali at that time.

The death of Drew Ali [edit]

Before long after his release past the police, Drew Ali died at age 43 at his abode in Chicago on July 20, 1929.[30] Although the exact circumstances of his expiry are unknown, the Document of Death stated that Noble Drew Ali died from "tuberculosis broncho-pneumonia".[31] Despite the official study, many of his followers speculated that his death was caused by injuries from the police or from other members of the faith.[32] Others thought it was due to pneumonia. Ane Moor told The Chicago Defender, "The Prophet was not ill; his piece of work was done and he laid his head upon the lap of ane of his followers and passed out."[33] [34]

Succession and schism [edit]

The death of Drew Ali brought out a number of candidates to succeed him. Brother Edward Mealy El stated that he had been declared Drew Ali's successor by Drew Ali himself. In Baronial, within a calendar month of Drew Ali'southward death, John Givens El, Drew Ali's chauffeur, declared that he was Drew Ali reincarnated. He is said to have fainted while working on Drew Ali's auto and "the sign of the star and crescent [appeared] in his optics".[35]

At the September Unity Conference, Givens once more fabricated his merits of reincarnation. Nonetheless, the governors of the Moorish Science Temple of America declared Charles Kirkman Bey to be the successor to Drew Ali and named him Grand Advisor.[36]

With the support of several temples each, Mealy El and Givens El both went on to pb dissever factions of the Moorish Science Temple. All three factions (Kirkman Bey, Mealy El, and Givens El) are agile today.

On September 25, 1929, Kirkman Bey'southward wife reported to the Chicago police force his apparent kidnapping by one Ira Johnson. Accompanied past two Moorish Scientific discipline members, the police visited the home of Johnson, when they were met past gunfire. The attack escalated into a shoot-out that spilled into the surrounding neighborhood. In the end, a policeman likewise equally a member were killed in the gun battle, and a second policeman later died of his wounds.[37] The police took 60 people into law custody, and a reported 1000 constabulary officers patrolled the Chicago South Side that evening.[38] Johnson and two others were later convicted of murder.[39]

Kirkman Bey went on to serve as Thou Advisor of one of the about of import factions until 1959, when the reins were given to F. Nelson-Bey.[xl]

Nation of Islam [edit]

The community was further split when Wallace Fard Muhammad, known within the temple every bit David Ford-el,[41] as well claimed (or was taken by some) to exist the reincarnation of Drew Ali.[42] When his leadership was rejected, Ford El broke away from the Moorish Science Temple. He moved to Detroit, where he formed his own group, an organisation that would go the Nation of Islam.[43] The Nation of Islam denied any historical connection with the Moorish Science Temple until Feb 26, 2014, when Louis Farrakhan acknowledged the contribution(s) of Noble Drew Ali to the Nation of Islam and their founding principles.[44]

The 1930s [edit]

Despite the turmoil and defections, the motility connected to grow in the 1930s. It is estimated that membership in the 1930s reached 30,000. There were major congregations in Philadelphia, Detroit, and Chicago.[45]

One-tertiary of the members, or 10,000, lived in Chicago, the center of the movement. There were congregations in numerous other cities where African Americans had migrated in the early 20th century. The group published several magazines: one was the Moorish Guide National. During the 1930s and 1940s, continued surveillance by constabulary (and after the FBI) caused the Moors to become more withdrawn and critical of the government.[46]

FBI surveillance [edit]

During the 1940s, the Moorish Science Temple (specifically the Kirkman Bey faction) came to the attention of the FBI, who investigated claims of members committing destructive activities by adhering to and spreading of Japanese propaganda. The investigation failed to observe any substantial evidence, and the investigations were dropped. The federal agency later on investigated the organization in 1953 for violation of the Selective Service Human action of 1948 and sedition. In September 1953, the Section of Justice determined that prosecution was non warranted for the declared violations. The file that the FBI created on the temple grew to 3,117 pages during its lifetime.[47] They never plant any evidence of whatsoever connection or much sympathy of the temple's members for Japan.

El Rukn connection [edit]

In 1976 Jeff Fort, leader of Chicago'due south Black P Stone Nation, announced at his parole from prison in 1976 that he had converted to Islam. Moving to Milwaukee, Fort associated himself with the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America. It is unclear whether he officially joined or was instead rejected by its members.[48]

In 1978, Fort returned to Chicago and changed the name of his gang to El Rukn ("the foundation" in Arabic), also known as "Circle 7 El Rukn Moorish Science Temple of America"[49] and the "Moorish Scientific discipline Temple, El Rukn tribe".[l] Scholars are divided over the nature of the relationship, if whatsoever, between El Rukn and the Moorish Science Temple of America.[51] Fort reportedly hoped that an credible affiliation with a religious organization would discourage law enforcement.[52]

1980–2000s [edit]

Temple No nine, in Chicago, Illinois

In 1984 the Chicago congregation bought a building from Buddhist monks in Ukrainian Village, which continues to be used for Temple No. ix. Demographic and cultural changes have decreased the allure of immature people to the Moorish Science Temple. Only about 200 members attended a convention in 2007, rather than the thousands of the past. In the early 2000s, the temples in Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., had virtually 200 members each, and many were older people.[53]

21st century [edit]

On July 15, 2019, Philadelphia mayor Jim Kenney, every bit part of a diversity plan, proclaimed July fifteen to be "Morocco Day". The urban center mistakenly invited members of the local Moorish Science temple to the ceremony, believing them to be of actual Moroccan descent.[54]

Moorish sovereign citizens [edit]

During the 1990s, some sometime followers of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America and the Washitaw Nation formed an offshoot of the sovereign citizen motion which came to be known as Moorish sovereign citizens. Members believe the United States federal government to exist illegitimate, which they aspect to a variety of factors including Reconstruction following the U.South. Civil State of war and the abandonment of the golden standard in the 1930s.[55] The number of Moorish sovereign citizens is uncertain, simply perhaps ranges betwixt 3,000 and 6,000 organized generally in small groups of several dozen.[56]

In improver to the Moorish Science Temple doctrine that Blackness Americans are of Moorish descent, Moorish sovereign citizens claim immunity from U.S. federal, land, and local laws, because of a mistaken belief that the Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship (1786) grants them sovereignty.[55] [57] In reality, the 1786 treaty was a primarily a trade agreement.

Some also believe that Black Americans are indigenous to the Usa[58] The Moorish sovereign denizen movement has too expanded to include a few whites.[59]

The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies Moorish sovereign citizens as an extremist anti-regime group,[56] [lx] and it is part of the Moorish sovereign-denizen move co-ordinate to The Washington Post.[61] Tactics used past the grouping include filing faux deeds and property claims,[62] simulated liens against regime officials, frivolous legal motions to overwhelm courts, and invented legalese used in courtroom appearances and filings.[55] Diverse groups and individuals identifying as Moorish sovereign citizens have used the unorthodox "quantum grammar" created by David Wynn Miller.[63] The Moorish Science Temple has disavowed any affiliation with those responsible, calling them "radical and subversive fringe groups".[64]

Legal incidents [edit]

Some "Moorish" activists have practiced hostile possession of properties, citing "reparations" equally a justification for their deportment, fifty-fifty though their victims included other Blackness Americans.[65] In June 2021, Hubert A. John, a self-identified citizen of the Al Moroccan Empire, was arrested and charged on with counts of criminal mischief, break-in, criminal trespass and terroristic threats afterward he occupied a business firm in Newark, New Jersey, claiming that it fell into the jurisdiction of the Al Moroccan Empire.[66] [67]

In 2005, musician Roy "Future Man" Wooten pleaded guilty to income revenue enhancement evasion, afterwards having been indicted on charges in 2001 that he had not filed or paid taxes between 1995 and 1998.[68] He was affiliated with the Washitaw Nation, and before his guilty plea had been judged possibly incapable of assisting in his ain defense after filing incomprehensible sovereign citizen paperwork with the court.[69]

In 2016, Washitaw Nation affiliate Gavin Eugene Long ambushed half-dozen police officers and killed three of them in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Police force killed Long in the resulting confrontation.[56]

In July 2021, eleven men identifying themselves as a group chosen Rise of the Moors were arrested on Interstate 95 in Wakefield, Massachusetts, after a country trooper responding to disabled vehicles allegedly establish the group conveying long guns, side-arms and wearing tactical trunk armor. Police said the group claimed to be traveling from Rhode Isle to Maine for "training" on their privately owned state.[70] [71] [72] An Instagram account belonging to the group says its goal is to continue the work of Noble Drew Ali.[73]

A Rise of the Moors fellow member had earlier been arrested in Danvers, Massachusetts, in 2019 on an outstanding warrant. He alleged his arrest was unlawful and filed a federal lawsuit confronting the police, which was dismissed after he tried to pay the court fees with a silver coin, saying U.S. currency was unconstitutional because information technology was "not backed by anything of value".[74]

See too [edit]

  • Black Hebrew Israelites
  • Five-Percent Nation
  • Hoteps
  • Moorish Orthodox Church of America, a splinter group

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ "About". Moorish Science Temple . Retrieved Apr 5, 2021.
  2. ^ "Moorish Science Temple, The Divine and National Movement of North America, Incorporated, N". Dun & Bradstreet . Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  3. ^ "Home page". Moorish Science Temple . Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  4. ^ The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America, Chapter XXV – "A Holy Covenant of the Asiatic Nation"
  5. ^ "Noble Drew Ali". newafricacenter.com. 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  6. ^ Turner, pg. 93.
  7. ^ Wilson, p. xv; Gomez, p. 203; Paghdiwala; Gale Grouping.
  8. ^ Wilson, p, 15.
  9. ^ Gomez and Paghdiwala requite both versions.
  10. ^ F. Abdat, "Before the Fez-Life and Times of Drew Ali", Journal of Race Ethnicity and Organized religion, Vol 5, No viii, August 2014 [ane]
  11. ^ Brown, Ann (May 7, 2019). "10 Things To Know About Noble Drew Ali". moguldom.com . Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  12. ^ Dowling, Levi (1907). The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ. ISBN9781602062245.
  13. ^ Ghaneabassiri, Kambiz (2010). A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order. Cambridge Academy Printing. p. 220. ISBN978-0521614870.
  14. ^ Curtis, Edward E. (2010). Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 46. ISBN9781438130408.
  15. ^ a b c Nance, Susan (Summer 2002). "Mystery of the Moorish Science Temple: Southern Blacks and American Culling Spirituality in 1920s Chicago". Archived Apr 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Faith and American Culture 12, no. ii: 123–166. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.123. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  16. ^ Yusuf Nuruddin (2000). "African-American Muslims and the Question of Identity: Between Traditional Islam, African Heritage, and the American Way". In Hadda, Yvonne Yazbeck; Esposito, John L. (eds.). Muslims on the Americanization Path?. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN9780198030928. Hence information technology is in the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple that we encounter fables nearly the "aboriginal Moabite kingdom now known as Morocco, which existed in northwest Amexem. which is now known every bit northwest Africa."
  17. ^ Koura, Chloe (May 27, 2017). "The American Religion That Makes Its Members 'Moroccans'". Morocco World News . Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  18. ^ Chicago Tribune (1929) and Chicago Defender (1929).
  19. ^ Chicago Defender (1929).
  20. ^ Paghdiwala, p. 23.
  21. ^ Paghdiwala
  22. ^ Wilson, p. 29.
  23. ^ Gomez, Michael A. (2005) Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge University Printing, p. 219. Retrieved Baronial 29, 2009
  24. ^ Chicago Tribune, May fourteen, 1929.
  25. ^ Gomez, Michael A. (2005) Black Crescent: The Feel and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge University Press, p. 260. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  26. ^ Nance (2002), p. 635–637
  27. ^ Chicago Defender, January 1929.
  28. ^ Chicago Tribune
  29. ^ Gale.
  30. ^ Chicago Defender, July 27, 1929.
  31. ^ Perkins, p. 186, as well equally other less reputable sources. Perkins cites "Standard Document of Death No. 22054, Timothy Drew, issued July 25, 1929, Office of Cook County Clerk, Cook County, Illinois". The certificate was filed by Dr. Clarence Payne-El, who was reportedly at Drew Ali's bedside when he died. Encounter also Scopino.
  32. ^ McCloud, p. eighteen; Wilson, p. 35. The Chicago Defender, whose news manufactures had turned critical, said that "it is believed that the ordeal of the trial together with the treatment he received at the easily of police in an effort to obtain truthful statements are directly responsible for the affliction which precipitated his decease" (July 27, 1929).
  33. ^ Quoted by Paghdiwala, p. 24. Besides quoted past Nance (2002, p. 659, annotation 84) with a reference to "Cult Leader Dies; Was in Murder Example", Chicago Defender, July 27, 1929.
  34. ^ "Hold Concluding Rites for Moorish Primary", Chicago Defender, August 3, 1929, page 3.
  35. ^ Gomez, p. 273.
  36. ^ McCloud, p. 18. Gardell, p. 45.
  37. ^ "Patrolmen Jesse D. Hults and William Gallagher", Officeholder Downward Memorial Page
  38. ^ Chicago Tribune, September 1929. The Washington Post, September 1929.
  39. ^ Hartford Courant, April nineteen, 1930, p. xx.
  40. ^ "Supreme Grand Advisor and Moderator C. Kirkman-Bey". moorishamericannationalrepublic.com. 2016. Retrieved December iv, 2019.
  41. ^ Prashad, p. 109.
  42. ^ Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Abu Shouk (p. 147), Hamm (p. 14), and Lippy (p. 214) all state that Fard claimed to be, or was considered by many Moors to be, the reincarnation of Drew Ali. According to Turner (p. 92), Ford El, likewise known every bit Abdul Wali Farad Muhammad Ali, unsuccessfully challenged Drew Ali in Newark in 1914.
  43. ^ Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Lippy (p. 214), Miyakawa (p. 12).
  44. ^ Farrakhan, Louis (February 26, 2014). "Saviours' Day 2014 Keynote Address: 'How Strong Is Our Foundation; Can Nosotros Survive?'". FinalCall.com . Retrieved March sixteen, 2019.
  45. ^ Paghdiwala, p. 26.
  46. ^ Nance, p. 659.
  47. ^ "Moorish Science Temple of America". FBI FOIA Archive. FBI. Archived from the original on March v, 2010. Retrieved May xi, 2016. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link)
  48. ^ Nash (p. 167) says Fort did bring together the Milwaukee temple. Hamm (p. 25) states otherwise: "Fort tried to join the Moorish Science Temple in Milwaukee only Temple elders refused to have him."
  49. ^ Chicago Tribune, "El Rukn street gang joins drive to register voters", August 25, 1982, p. 17.
  50. ^ Shipp, The New York Times (1985).
  51. ^ Blakemore, et al. (p. 335) says that "The Moorish Science Temple of America has always denied such a connection."
    See also Nashashibi ("In 1982 the El Rukns dropped their affiliation with the Moorish Science Temple of America and moved closer toward a more orthodox understanding of Sunni Islam.")
    See also the 1988 courtroom case, Johnson-Bey et al. v. Lane et al. ("The sinister El Rukn group is a breakaway faction from the Moorish Science Temple of America ... manifestly information technology no longer has any connectedness with the Moorish Science Temple.").
  52. ^ Main, Chicago Dominicus-Times (2006).
  53. ^ Paghdiwala, Tasneem (November fifteen, 2007). "The Aging of the Moors". Chicago Reader. Vol. 37, no. 8. Retrieved Oct 13, 2009.
  54. ^ Owen-Jones, Juliette (August 13, 2019). "Moorish Science Temple of America Represents Morocco at Flag-Raising Ceremony". Kingdom of morocco Globe News. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved August fourteen, 2019.
  55. ^ a b c Ligon, Mellie (2021). "The Sovereign Denizen Movement: A Comparative Analysis with Similar Foreign Movements and Takeaways for the United states of america Judicial System" (PDF). Emory International Law Review. 35 (2): 297–332. ISSN 1052-2840.
  56. ^ a b c "Moorish Sovereign Citizens". Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  57. ^ "Treaty with Kingdom of morocco". U.S. National Archive . Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  58. ^ Pitcavage, Marker (July 18, 2016). "The Washitaw Nation and Moorish Sovereign Citizens: What You lot Need to Know". Anti-Defamation League.
  59. ^ Sovereign Citizen Move, Anti-Defamation league, retrieved Jan 23, 2022
  60. ^ Morrison, Heather (July vi, 2021). "'Rise of the Moors' classified as antigovernment group past Southern Poverty Law Center". MassLive.
  61. ^ Hauptman, Max (July 4, 2021). "What to know nearly Rise of the Moors, an armed group that says it's not subject to U.South. law". The Washington Post.
  62. ^ Steinback, Robert (July 20, 2011). "Judge Ignores 'Martian law,' Tosses 'Sovereign Citizen' Into Slammer". Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved September 9, 2012.
  63. ^ Anti-Defamation league (2016), "The Sovereign Citizen Move Mutual Documentary Identifiers & Examples" (PDF), adl.org , retrieved December 23, 2021
  64. ^ "Bogus court filings cast unwanted spotlight on little-known U.S. sect". The Japan Times. Associated Printing. August 22, 2011. p. 8.
  65. ^ "She Bought Her Dream Home. And so a 'Sovereign Citizen' Changed the Locks". The New York Times . Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  66. ^ "LA Man Arrested for Allegedly Taking Possession of Woman'south Vacant New Jersey Abode". NBC New York . Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  67. ^ Niemietz, Brian. "Black nationalists declare 'legal residency' in Newark adult female'south abode, police disagree". Daily News. New York. Retrieved Oct 13, 2021.
  68. ^ "Flecktone, once part of 'Empire Washitaw De Dugdahmoundyah,' guilty of tax fraud - Nashville Postal service". Nashville Post . Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  69. ^ "Have a taxation protester position on your render: are you out of your mind?". Roth & Company, P.C. May 5, 2004. Archived from the original on February 28, 2005. Retrieved May 31, 2020. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  70. ^ Hilliard, John; Crimaldi, Laura; Milkovits, Amanda; Lyons, Jack (July three, 2021). "Group of men involved in hours-long highway standoff expected to confront 'a variety of charges'". The Boston Globe . Retrieved July iv, 2021.
  71. ^ Crimaldi, Laura; Milkovits, Amanda (July 3, 2021). "What is 'Rise of the Moors,' the R.I. group that broadcast live from the I-95 standoff?". The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  72. ^ "Photos, video: the Interstate 95 standoff". The Boston Globe. July three, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  73. ^ "Massachusetts armed group arrested after stand up-off with law". BBC News. July 3, 2021. Retrieved July iii, 2021.
  74. ^ Alanez, Tonya (July 8, 2021). "Rise of the Moors member sued Danvers police, and so sought to pay filing fees with a silver coin". The Boston Globe.

General references [edit]

  • Ali, Noble Prophet Drew (1928). Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America
  • Abdat, Fathie Ali (2014). "Before the Fez- Life and Times of Drew Ali 1886-1924", Periodical of Race, Ethnicity and Religion, 5: ane-39.
  • Abu Shouk, Ahmed I. (1997). "A Sudanese Missionary to the Usa", Sudanic Africa, 9:137–191.
  • Ahlstrom, Sydney East. (2004). A Religious History of the American People, second ed., Yale Academy Printing, ISBN 0-300-10012-4.
  • Blakemore, Jerome; Yolanda Mayo; Glenda Blakemore (2006). "African-American and Other Street Gangs: A Quest of Identity (Revisted)", Human Behavior in the Social Environs from an African-American Perspective, Letha A. Run across, ed., The Haworth Press ISBN 978-0-7890-2831-0.
  • Chicago Defender (1929). "Drew Ali, 'Prophet' of Moorish Cult, Dies All of a sudden", July 27, 1929, page 1.
  • Chicago Tribune (May 1929). "Cult Head Took Too Much Power, Witnesses Say", May xiv, 1929.
  • Chicago Tribune (September 1929). "Seize sixty After So. Side Cult Tragedy", September 26, 1929, p. 1.
  • Gale Grouping, "Timothy Drew", Religious Leaders of America, 2nd ed., 1999, Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Gardell, Mattias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad. Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0-8223-1845-iii.
  • Henry Louis Gates Jr., Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (2004). African American Lives. OUP USA. p. xviii. ISBN978-0195160246 . Retrieved September x, 2012.
  • Gomez, Michael A. (2005). Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge Academy Press, ISBN 0-521-84095-iii.
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  • Main, Frank (2006). Chicago Sun-Times, June 25, 2006, p. A03.
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External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • FBI on the Moorish Science Temple of America

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America

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